what is domain name system(डोमेन नाम सिस्टम क्या है

       Domain name system( डोमेन नाम प्रणाली)                           Domain name system

 The Domain Name System (DNS) is a key part of a network that translates domain names on the Internet into IP addresses available on the Internet. Its main function is to map domain names with their corresponding IP addresses so that Internet users can access websites using the domain names in their web browsers.

History 

The development of DNS began in the 1980s when Internet usage increased and people needed to associate their respective IP addresses with easy-to-remember names. In 1983, the first DNS implementation was deployed, and in 1984 the main default name server of the DNS was created. 

Various organization and technology companies gradually made plans to further streamline the management of the DNS. In 1987, the Internet Engineering Project Force (IETF) worked to standardize DNS and developed the DNS protocol that we still use today. 

DNS is important because it connects websites and other services on the Internet. Helps to make the information available and make it easy for users to remember.

structure

The structure of DNS is a hierarchical structure consisting of network devices and servers at different levels. Following are the main structures of DNS:

1. Root DNS servers: Are at the top level and contain information about all DNS servers on the Internet.  
2. Top-Level Domain (TLD) Servers: These are the servers of top-level domains like .com, .org, .net and they are responsible for specific domain extensions (TLDs).
3. Authoritative DNS Servers: These servers contain the actual records for specific domain names, such as website IP addresses.
4. Client DNS Servers: These servers are used by computers or devices that submit DNS queries and receive answers.

The DNS hierarchy helps users reach the appropriate corresponding servers. , which helps them to achieve their objective.

Process

The DNS process follows the following steps to implement:

1. Receive query sequence: When a user enters a domain name into a web browser, the DNS server of the user's computer receives the query.
2. Root DNS Server Query: The DNS server sends the query to the root DNS server which helps in locating the top-level domain (TLD) server of that domain.
3. TLD DNS Server Query: The query received from the root server is sent to the TLD DNS server, which helps in locating the specific Domain Name Server (Authoritative DNS Server) of the specified domain there.
4. Authoritative DNS Server Query: The query received from the TLD server is sent to the Authoritative DNS server, which provides the final record such as the IP address of the website.
5. Reply sending: The Authoritative DNS server sends a reply to the query which is delivered by the DNS server to the user's computer. The user's computer then accesses the website using that IP address.

Protocol description

Following are some of the main features of DNS protocol:

1. DNS Query: A DNS query is sent by a computer or device to find the corresponding IP address for a certain domain name.
2. DNS Response: The response to a query received by a DNS server, which contains the domain name along with the associated IP address and other records.
3. DNS Zone: A DNS zone is a group of data related to a certain domain, such as IP addresses and other records.
4. Resource Records: Data records included in DNS answers that provide various information for the domain name, such as IP address, text, and options for servers.
5. DNS Caching: The answers received by the DNS server are kept in local storage so that they do not have to be retrieved again and again and the server can provide the response to the query faster.

DNS resource record

In DNS, resource records are different types of data records provided by the Domain Name System (DNS). These records are provided in response to DNS queries and can be used for a variety of services. 

Some of the main resource record types are as follows:

1. (Address) Record: This record contains the IPv 4 IP address for the domain.
2.  AAAA (IPv 6 Address) Record: It contains the IPv 6 IP address for the domain.
3.  C NAME (Canonical Name) Record: This record associates another domain name with a canonical name, which is the primary name for a domain.
4.  MX (Mail Exchange) Record: It contains the list of mail servers for the domain, which are used to receive email on the domain.
5.  TXT (Text) Record: This record contains the text message or other metadata for the domain. , updates, and other services.

Protocol extension

The DNS protocol works with many extensions and protocols that handle different uses and features. Some of the major DNS protocol extensions are:

1. DNSSEC (DNS Security Extensions): This extension is meant to strengthen the security of DNS queries. This domain name provides common protocol integrity and expected security.
2. DNS over HTTPS (DoH): In this extension the DNS query is sent from the web browser via HTTPS, making it secure.
3. DNS over TLS (DoT): This extension is also meant to secure DNS queries, but it uses Transport Layer Security (TLS).
4. DNS Query Name Minimisation: This extension minimizes the query names to publish servers, which enhances the privacy of users.
5. DNS-Based Authentication of Named Entities (DANE): This extension uses DNS records for TLS server authentication, which strengthens the security of web sites.

These extensions support DNS protocols. Help improve security, privacy, and stability.

Dynamic zone update

Dynamic zone update is a DNS feature used to update DNS zones in which information in DNS records changes at regular intervals. This may include, for example, website hosting settings, MX records for mail servers, and other network settings.

When a dynamic zone is updated, it is set to automatically update the records on the DNS servers. Is broadcast for. These updates can occur automatically on scheduled schedules or in specified suspicious situations, such as when a website's hosting service or IP address changes. 

Dynamic zone updates are a great way to streamline and facilitate network operations. Because it helps in automatic updating and helps network administrators keep the new and changing network view at hand.

internationalized domain name

Internationalized domain name (IDN) is a special type of domain name that uses alphanumeric characters as well as other scripts. Its aim is to expand the names of websites keeping in mind different languages and cultural richness.

Its main objective is to enable people to register domain names using the alphabet of their mother tongue, allowing them to name their brand or website. There is an opportunity to make it more cultural and personal. For example, if the website is in Hindi, an IDN domain name can be developed that uses the Hindi alphabet. 

To generate these types of domain names, special technical protocols are used that translate Unicode into ASCII so that web browsers and other Internet devices can interpret them correctly as text.

safety issue

The Domain Name System (DNS) is an important topic of security issues. Some of the main security issues are as follows:

1.  DNS Spoofing/Cache Poisoning: This is the process of accidentally injecting false data into the DNS cache, thereby directing users to the wrong sites.
2. DNS Hijacking: This attack redirects users to wrong DNS servers, allowing any information to be transferred to the attacker.
3. DNS Amplification Attacks**: In this, attackers make large-scale requests to DNS servers, causing them to send large amounts of data to external users.
4. DNSSEC (DNS Security Extensions) Implementation: This is a security extension DNS feature that helps secure DNS queries and verify updated data.
5. DNS over HTTPS (DoH) and DNS over TLS (DoT): These technical options are for encrypting data, thereby increasing privacy and reducing the risk of middleman interference.

 Taking these security issues into account, organization need to take measures to strengthen DNS security, such as security updates, security practices, and security scanning.

domain name registration

Domain name registration is a process in which a person, company or organization registers a certain domain name in its name so that it can provide access to the Internet using that name. This process is done through a domain name registrar, which is an authorized organization that provides the service of domain name registration. For this you have to buy a domain name from your domain registrar. Once a domain name is purchased, you are required to provide your personal or organizational information during the interview process, which is presented through communication with the domain registrar.

During the domain name registration process. , you are required to check the usefulness of the domain name, check the availability of the domain name, and accept the terms and conditions specified regarding the period of registration.

Once registered, the domain name is available on a regular basis. The period can be renewed again, depending on the terms and conditions of the different domain registrar.

Abuse and regulation

Domains are used by an organization or individual for their website, email service, or other Internet services through domain name registration. However, there are times when domain names are misused, such as:

1. Cloning and Phishing: Domain names are cloned by abusers so that they can deceive people and communicate with them. They can be used to steal information.
2. Spam: Some domain names are used by spammers to send more spam emails.
3. Unethical Use: Some domain names may be used to promote unethical or illegal topics.
4. Copyright Infringement: Some abuses are done by stealing the domain name and using its certified copy.

To regulate these, many countries have established rules and laws for domain name registration. Have done. Many of these rules are against spam, phishing, and other unethical use, and the system is strictly followed by domain name registrars.

Internet standards

Internet standards are a set that refers to specified rules and procedures for governing data over the Internet. It is an organized set of rules that ensure smooth and compatible communications between different Internet services and devices.
Some of the major Internet standards are:

1. TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): It is a major Internet protocol that governs the communication of data.
2. HTTP/HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol/Secure): These protocols handle the communication of web pages.
3. DNS (Domain Name System): It is a very important part of a network that translates domain names into IP addresses.
4. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): This is a major protocol for email that conducts email communication.
5. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): This is a standard language for presenting the structure and content of web pages.

 To adhere to these standards various organisations ,users and developers of the internet have to support these students so that they can keep communications smooth and reliable .