- It is one of the oldest cultures in the world. Indian culture is a work oriented culture. Since the excavation of Mohenjodaro, it has come to be considered contemporary with the oldest civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia.
- Along with being historical, its other speciality is its immortality. Apart from the Chinese culture, all the other cultures of the old world – the Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian and Chal dean cultures of Mesopotamia and the cultures of Egypt, Iran, Greece and Rome – have vanished in the ravages of time, only a few ruins are left to sing their glory. Are; But Indian culture is alive till today, bearing the cruel blows of time for thousands of years.
- His third speciality is being the world's Guru. He has the credit that he not only taught the lesson of civilization to the continent-like India, but also civilized the wild tribes of large parts of India, from the Sinhala (Sri Lanka) of Siberia and the island of Madagascar, Iran and Afghanistan to the Pacific Ocean. It left its indelible impact on vast tracts of land in the ocean ranging from the islands of Borneo and Bali.
Language
The large number of languages spoken in India has enhanced its cultural and traditional diversity. 1000 (if you count regional dialects and regional words, which drops to 216 if you don't count them) are languages spoken by a group of more than 10,000 people, while many such languages Which are spoken by less than 10,000 people. There are a total of 415 languages in use in India.
There are two major linguistic families in India - Indo-Aryan languages and Dravidian languages, of which the first language family is spread mainly in the northern, western, central and eastern regions of India, while the second language family is spread in the southern part of India. The next largest language family is the Austro-Asiatic language group, which includes the Munda languages spoken in the central and east of India, the Khasi languages spoken in the northeast, and the Nicobarese languages spoken in the Nicobar Islands. The fourth largest language family of India is the Tibeto-Burman language family, which is itself a subgroup of the Sino-Tibetan language family.
Religion (धर्म)
After Abrahamic religions, Indian religion is the leading religion of the world, which includes religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, etc. Today, Hinduism and Buddhism are the third and fourth largest religions in the world, respectively, with approximately 1.4 billion followers. Other cultures are involved. Even today, religion plays a major and defining role among most of the people here.
Indian society and way of life(भारतीय समझ को जीवन जीने का तरीका)
India offers astonishing diversity in almost every aspect of social life. Diversity of ethnic, linguistic, regional, economic, religious, class and caste groups pervades Indian society, which is also rife with vast urban-rural differences and gender differences. The differences between North India and South India are particularly significant, especially in the systems of kinship and marriage. Indian society is multifaceted to a degree perhaps unknown in any of the world's great civilizations – it is more like a region as diverse as Europe than any other nation-state. Rapid changes are affecting different regions and socio-economic groups in different ways, adding further diversity to contemporary Indian culture. Yet, amidst the complexities of Indian life, widely accepted cultural themes enhance social harmony and order.
subject matter in indian society(भारत समाज में विषय वस्तु)
India is a hierarchical society. Be it North India or South India, Hindu or Muslim, urban or village, virtually all things, people and social groups are ranked according to various essential qualities. Although India is a political democracy, notions of complete equality are rarely evident in daily life.
Social hierarchy is evident in caste groups, individuals, and family and kinship groups. Castes are primarily associated with Hinduism, but caste-like groups also exist among Muslim, Indian, Christian and other religious communities. In most villages or towns, everyone knows the relative ranking of each caste represented locally, and behavior is constantly shaped by this knowledge.
purity and pollution(शुद्धता और प्रदूषण)
Many status differences in Indian society are expressed in terms of ritual purity and pollution, complex notions that vary considerably between different castes, religious groups, and regions. Generally, high status is associated with purity and low status with pollution. Some kind of sacredness is inherent; For example, a member of a high-ranking Brahmin or priestly caste is born with greater inherent purity than someone born in a low-ranking sweeper or scavenger caste. Other types of purity are more fleeting – for example, a Brahmin who has just taken a bath is more holy than a Brahmin who has not bathed for a day.
Social interdependence ( सामाजिक अंतरनिर्भरता )
One of the great themes prevalent in Indian life is social interdependence. People are born into groups—families, clans, subcastes, castes and religious communities—and feel a deep sense of inseparability from these groups. People are deeply connected to others, and for many, the greatest fear is the possibility of being left alone without social support. Psychologically, family members usually experience intense emotional interdependence. Economic activities are also deeply embedded in social nexus. Through multiple kinship ties, every person is connected to relatives in near and distant villages and towns. Almost everywhere a person goes, he is bound to find some relative from whom he can expect moral and practical support.
family and relatives(परिवार और रिश्तेदार)
The essential subjects of Indian cultural life are learned within the family. The joint family is highly valued, ideally consisting of multiple generations living, working, eating and worshiping together. Such families include men belonging to the male lineage as well as their wives, children and unmarried daughters. A wife usually lives with her husband's relatives, although she maintains significant ties to her natal family. Even in rapidly modernizing India, the traditional joint family remains the primary social force for most Indians, both in ideal and practice.
Large families are flexible and well suited to modern Indian life, especially two -For more than a third of Indians who are involved in agriculture. Like most primarily agricultural societies, cooperative kin help provide mutual economic security. Joint families are also common in cities, where kinship ties are often important for obtaining employment or financial support. Many prominent families, such as the Tatas, Birlas and Sarabhais, maintain joint family systems as they cooperate to control major financial empires.
family rights and harmony(परिवार अधिकार और सद्भाव)
In the Indian family, the lines of hierarchy and authority are clearly drawn, and ideals of conduct help maintain family harmony. All family members are socialized to accept the authority of those above them in the hierarchy. The eldest man serves as head of the family, and his wife oversees his daughters-in-law, the youngest of whom has the least authority. Reciprocally, those in power accept responsibility for meeting the needs of other family members.
Family loyalty is a deeply ingrained ideal, and family unity is emphasized, especially within the kinship circle. For people outside. Inside the home, emphasis is not placed on relationships between husband and wife and between parents and their own children in order to foster a broader sense of family harmony. For example, open displays of affection between husband and wife are considered highly inappropriate.
veil and women's seclusion(घूंघट और महिलाओं का एकांतवास )
An important aspect of Indian family life is the purdah (purda, or "purdah" in Hindi), or women's veiling and seclusion. In much of northern and central India, especially in rural areas, Hindu and Muslim women follow complex rules of covering the body and avoiding public appearance, especially in front of relatives and stranger men. Purdah practice is associated with patterns of authority and harmony within the family. Hindu and Muslim purdah practices differ in some key ways, but the concepts of female modesty and decorum as well as family honor and prestige are essential to different forms of purdah. Purdah restrictions are generally stronger for women from conservative high-status families. The practice of purdah requires restrictions and restraints on women in almost every aspect of life, limiting women's access to power and control over vital resources in a male-dominated society. Captive women must conceal their bodies and even their faces with modest clothing and veils in front of certain categories of people, avoid extramarital affairs, and move about in public only with male escort. Poor and low-status women often practice an attenuated version of the veil while working in the fields and construction gangs.
Hindu women from conservative families cover their faces in the presence of older men, including their in-laws, both at home and in the community. She covers up and remains silent. The young daughter-in-law even hides herself from her mother-in-law. These practices emphasize respecting relationships, limiting disapproved encounters, and extending family lines of authority.
way of life (जीवन मार्ग)
The birth of a baby is celebrated with rites of welcome and blessing, usually more elaborate for a boy than for a girl. Although India has many distinguished women and was once led by a powerful female Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, and although gods and goddesses are widely worshiped in Hindu rituals, statistics show that in reality , Girls are deprived in India. The 2001 census counted only 933 females per 1000 males, reflecting sex-selective abortion, poor medical care and nutrition, and occasional infanticide targeting women. [iii] Parents favor boys because they are valued more in agricultural activities, and after marriage a boy lives with his parents and supports them as they grow older. Conversely, a girl wastes family resources, especially when a large dowry accompanies her to her husband's home. In recent decades, the demand for dowry has become quite high among some groups.
Marriage is considered essential for almost everyone in India, marking a great change in a person's life. In most Hindu northern and central India, marriages are arranged between unrelated youths within the caste, who may never have met. In some South Indian communities and many Muslims, families seek to strengthen existing kinship ties through marriage with cousins whenever possible. It is a challenging task for every parent to find the right partner for their child. People use their existing social networks and increasingly matrimonial newspaper advertisements. Advertisements usually declare religion, caste, educational qualifications, physical characteristics and earning potential, and may indicate the size of the dowry (even though giving or accepting dowry is actually illegal).
caste and class(जाति और वर्ग )
Social inequality exists all over the world, but perhaps nowhere is inequality so pervasively created as in the Indian caste institution. Caste has existed for many centuries, but has been strongly criticized in modern times and is undergoing significant changes.
Castes are ranked, named, endogamous (marrying) groups , in which membership is acquired by birth. There are thousands of castes and sub-castes in India, comprising crores of people. These large kinship-based groups are fundamental to South Asian social structure. Caste membership provides a sense of belonging to a recognized group from which support can be expected in various situations.
The word caste derives from the Portuguese casta, meaning species, breed or type. The Indian terms sometimes translated as caste are varna, jati, jat, biradari and samaj. Varna, or color, actually refers to four large categories that include many castes. Other terms refer to subdivisions of castes and castes often called subcastes.
Many castes are associated with traditional occupations, such as priests, potters, barbers, carpenters, leather workers, butchers, and washermen. Members of higher-ranking castes are more prosperous than members of lower-ranking castes, who often suffer poverty and social disadvantage. The so-called "untouchables" were traditionally employed in polluting jobs. From 1935, the "untouchables" became known as the "Scheduled Castes" and Mahatma Gandhi called them Harijans, or "children of God". Today, the politically correct term for these groups, who make up about 16% of the population, is Dalit or "oppressed". Other groups, commonly called tribes (often called "Scheduled Tribes") are also integrated into the caste system to varying degrees.
Classes (कक्षाओं)
Most Indians live in villages, where caste and class affiliations overlap. Large landholders are mostly upper caste, and small-scale farmers are middle caste, while landless laborers generally belong to the lowest-ranking castes. These groups form a three-tier class system of stratification in rural areas, and members of the groups are coming together in areas across caste lines to increase their economic and political power. For example, since the late 1960s, some middle-class farming castes of northern India, motivated by competition with upper-caste landless elites, have cooperated politically to pursue their common economic interests. Have done. In cities, there is less adherence to class lines apparently due to caste affiliation, as vested interests strongly break down caste boundaries.
When looking at India as a whole, defining classes is a difficult task, which Full of vague standards. According to various estimates, the upper classes comprise about one percent of the population, or about ten million people, including wealthy property owners, industrialists, former royals, top executives, and prosperous entrepreneurs. Slightly below them are millions of upper middle class people. At the other end of the scale is about half of India's population, including many types of low-level workers as well as millions of extremely poor people who suffer extremely inadequate housing and education and many other economic hardships.
Village Structure and Unity(ग्राम संरचना एवम एकता)
Nearly three-quarters of India's people live in about 500,000 villages, where India's most basic occupation—agriculture—occurs. Most villages have less than 1,000 residents, but some have less than 5,000 people. Indian villages are often quite complex and not isolated socially or economically. In most villages there is a multiplicity of economic, caste, kinship, occupational and even religious groups vertically linked within each settlement. Residents typically range from priests and agriculturists to traders, artisans and labourers. Various important horizontal links connect each village with many other villages and urban areas both near and far. In daily life and in colorful festivals and rituals, members of different groups provide essential goods and services to each other.
Traditionally, villages often recognize a headman and a panchayat, representing important local people. There is a council made up of. Generally, disputes were settled within the village, with occasional recourse to the police or courts. Today, the government supports an alternative Panchayat and Mukhiya system, which differs from the traditional system, and, in many cases, mandates the inclusion of women or members of very low castes. According to the schedule, which rotates every few years, a certain percentage of village councils must be headed by a woman or a Dalit. State and federal government regulations increasingly interfere with rural life, undermining traditional systems of authority. Furthermore, the increasing involvement of villagers with the wider world through travel, work, education and television, and increasing pressure on land and resources as village populations grow, have resulted in increased dissatisfaction and competitiveness in many parts of rural India.
urban life(शहरी जिंदगी)
The pace of urbanization is deeply influencing the transformation of Indian society. A little more than one-fourth of the country's population is urban. Mumbai (Bombay) is currently the sixth largest urban area in the world with 18 million, and Kolkata (Calcutta) is fourteenth with 13 million. In recent years, India's largest cities have grown at twice the rate of their smaller towns and villages, with much of that growth driven by rural-urban migration.
The largest cities are densely populated, overcrowded , noisy, polluted and lacking clean water, electricity, sanitation and decent housing. Slums abound, often alongside luxury apartment buildings, and the streets are filled with pedestrians, cattle, garbage, and vehicles spewing diesel fumes.
Traditional caste hierarchies are weak in cities, but caste relations Remain important, as scarce jobs are often obtained through caste peers, relatives and friends. Ingenuity and perseverance characterize poor urban workers who support themselves through multiple pursuits as entrepreneurs, small traders, and small laborers.
The number of growing middle classes is becoming increasingly evident in cities, where They benefit from education and employment opportunities. For them, like all people in the city, ties are confirmed through neighborhood solidarity, voluntary associations, and festival celebrations.
Undoubtedly, cities are great centers of commerce, education, science, politics, and government, On which the functioning of the nation depends. India's film industry is one of the largest in the world, concentrated in Mumbai and Chennai, and popular television stations are growing rapidly. They offer a vivid portrayal of the urban lifestyle for small-town residents and villagers across the country, influencing the aspirations of millions of people.
Modern lifestyle(आधुनिक जीवन शैली)
Lifestyle is the interests, opinions, attitudes, and behavioral orientations of a person, group, or culture. The term was introduced by Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler in his 1929 book, The Case of Miss R, to mean "a person's basic character established in early childhood".
Modern lifestyle essay(आधुनिक जीवन शैली निबंध)
A healthy lifestyle is the foundation of a good life. Although it does not take much time to achieve this lifestyle, many people are unable to follow it these days due to various reasons such as lack of professional commitment, determination and personal issues.
These days a It takes a good amount of determination to lead a healthy lifestyle. With so many tasks to complete during the day, our health is often given less importance. It is important to realize the need to follow a healthy lifestyle and understand ways to achieve it.
Healthy Lifestyle Essay(स्वस्थ जीवन शैली पर निबंध)
The term ‘healthy lifestyle’ is heard almost everywhere these days – on television, on social media platforms as well as in magazines. The need to follow a healthy lifestyle is stressed through these mediums but people still ignore it and continue with their healthy lifestyle and ultimately suffer its consequences.
A Healthy The lifestyle mainly involves following healthy food habits, getting enough sleep and squeezing in some time for physical exercise each day. However, most people get so caught up with their daily work that they neglect their health. Neglecting your health is the worst thing you can do to yourself. Many people realize this only when they develop certain health problems.
It is time people should understand that our health is of utmost importance and it is only when we are healthy, will we Will be able to work efficiently on other aspects of your life. Developing healthy habits requires little changes in daily routine. These changes eventually become a habit and before you know it you are on your way to a healthier lifestyle.
To avoid health issues while you are still young as well as later in life If you are fit, it is better to take out some time to follow the healthy habits shared above.
modern problems modern solutions(आधुनिक समस्याएं आधुनिक समाधान)
Modern problems requiring modern solutions is an image-based response meme. The reaction image comes from a still from a skit in the first episode of the second season of Chappelle's show. Dave Chappelle once said, "Modern problems require modern solutions." 2004. Maybe they didn't know that 14 years later it would launch hundreds of thousands of memes. The now-iconic line was from a skit on the Dave Chappelle Show where he advocated the use of fake Canadian ID cards for free health care. And now the Internet is using the catchy phrase to represent how we deal with modern problems. Most modern problem memes will make you laugh and nod. But sometimes, it can have serious implications.
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