What is Indian Pharmacopoeia History?(फार्माकोपिया क्या है)

  Pharmacopoeia:

pharmacopoeia

Which means drug preparation in its modern technical sense is a book containing guidelines for the identification of compounded drugs and is published by a government or government functionary Medical or Pharmaceutical Society Description of preparations is called a manograph.

 History (इतिहास)

Although there are older authors who deal with herbal medicine, the earliest work in this field is considered to be the Edwin Smith Papyrus Pliny's Pharmacopoeia in Egypt! The Canon of Medici by Avicenna in 1025 AD and the works of Ibn Zuhar (Avenzoar) in the 12th century (printed in 1491) and Ibn Better in the 14th century are included! -Nung Pen Ts'ao Ching is the first known Chinese Pharmacopoeia!

Chaina (चीन) 

The earliest extant Chinese pharmacopoeia, the Shennong ben Cao Jing, was compiled between 200 and 250 AD! The earliest known officially sponsored pharmacopoeia was compiled in 659 AD by a group of 23 pharmaceutical scientists led by Sujing during the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). Was compiled by a team! It was called Xinxiu Bencao (New Revised Canon of Material Medicine). The work consists of 20 volumes, one of which is devoted to the table of contents. The third part of seven volumes contains illustrated descriptions. The text contains descriptions of 850 medicines including 114 new medicines.

Origin of the City Pharmacopoei(सिटी फार्माकोपिया की उत्पत्ति)

A dated work was published at Nuremberg in 1542; Valerius Cordus, a passing student, showed to the physicians of the city a collection of medical prescriptions, which he had selected from the writings of the most eminent medical authorities, who urged him to print it for the benefit of the dispensaries, and received approval of his work. For the Senate. A work known as Antidoterium Florentinum was published in the 16th century under the authority of the College of Medicine of Florence. In 1511, the Concordia Apothecariorum Barchinon was published by the Society of Apothecaries of Barcelona and housed in the School of Pharmacy of the University of Barcelona. 

Engraved frontispiece of the 1703 Pharmacopoeia Batiana

The word pharmacopoeia was first used in 1561 by A. Appears as a distinctive title in a work published in Basel, Switzerland, by Foz, but does not appear to have come into general use until the early 17th century. 

Before 1542, the works mainly used by apothecaries were the treatises on simples (basic medicinal ingredients) by Avicenna and Serapion; Simon Januensis's De Synecdoche and Quid Pro Quo; the Liber Servitoris of Bulchasim ben Aberzerim, which described preparations made from plants, animals, and minerals, and was the type of chemical part of modern pharmacopoeias; and Nicolas de Salerno's Antidoterium, in which Galenic formulations are arranged alphabetically. Of this last work, two editions were in use – Nicolaus Magnus and Nicolaus Parvus: in the latter, many of the compounds described in the larger edition were omitted and formulas given on a smaller scale.

Londo(लंदन)

By 1617, drugs and medicines that were in common use were sold by apothecaries and grocers in England. In that year the dispensaries obtained a separate charter, and it was enacted that no grocer should keep a dispensary shop. Thus the preparation of physicians' prescriptions was confined to apothecaries, who were pressured by the College of Physicians in May 1618 to issue pharmacopoeias and to dispense them accurately by the power of warden. Dispensaries generally got along with the sensors of the College of Physicians to check the dispensaries shops within 7 meters. in London and destroyed all the compounds which they found to be dishonestly prepared. This, the first authorized London pharmacopoeia, was chosen chiefly from the works of Mezu and Nicolas de Salerno, but it was found to be so full of errors that the entire edition was cancelled, and a new edition published the following December. 

The compounds used in medicine in this period were often heterogeneous mixtures, some containing from 20 to 70 or more ingredients, while the same substance having different properties resulted in a larger number of Simple materials were used. The source from which it was obtained. Thus the eyes of crabs (i.e., gastroliths), pearls, oyster shells, and coral should have had different properties. Other ingredients that entered some of these formulas included the excrement of humans, dogs, rats, geese and other animals, stones, human skulls and the moss growing on them, blind puppies, earthworms, etc.

 

Origin of National Pharmacopoeia(राष्ट्रीय फार्माकोपिया की उत्पत्ति)

All the preparations included in these three pharmacopoeias were not uniform in strength, which was a source of much inconvenience and danger to the public, when a powerful preparation like dilute hydrocyanic acid was ordered in one country and distributed according to the national pharmacopoeia in another country. it was done. As a result, the Medical Act of 1858 stated that the General Medical Council should publish a book containing a list of drugs and compounds, to be called the British Pharmacopoeia, which would be an alternative to the separate pharmacopoeias throughout Great Britain and Ireland. Till now these were published in Latin. The first British Pharmacopoeia was published in the English language in 1864, but it gave such general dissatisfaction to both the medical profession and chemists and druggists that the General Medical Council brought out a new and revised edition in 1867. This dissatisfaction was probably partly due to this. The fact is that most of the compilers of the work were not engaged in the practice of pharmacy, and therefore were not able to decide on the type of preparations necessary for the method of their manufacture. The necessity of this element in the construction of pharmacopoeias is now fully recognized in other countries, in most of which pharmaceutical chemists are represented on the committee for the preparation of legally recognized manuals. 

There are national and international pharmacopoeias such as the European Union and the US Pharmacopoeia. The Pharmacopoeia in the European Union is prepared by a government organisation, and has a specified role in EU legislation. In the US, the USP-NF (United States Pharmacopoeia – National Formulary) has been issued since 1820 by a private non-profit organization under the authority of a convention that meets periodically to provide information to physicians, pharmacists, and other members of the public at large. Are constituted by health. Professional, standard setting through various expert committees published in compendiums.  In the US, when there is an applicable USP-NF quality monograph, drugs and drug ingredients must conform to essential requirements (such as strength, quality, or purity) or be considered adulterated or misbranded under federal food and drug laws. . ,

Supranational and international harmony(सुपरनैशनल और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय सामंजस्य

संपादन )

The Soviet Union had a nominal supranational pharmacopoeia, the State Pharmacopoeia of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSRP), although the actual nature of the nationalities of the republics within that state differed from the legal nature. The European Union has a supranational pharmacopoeia, the European Pharmacopoeia; It has not replaced the national pharmacopoeias of the member countries of the European Union, but has helped to harmonize them. Attempts have been made by international pharmaceutical and medical conferences to establish a basis on which an international pharmacopoeia can be prepared globally, but regulatory complexity and regional variation in pharmacy conditions are obstacles to full harmonization across countries ( Of course, defining (thousands of details that can be known to work successfully at all locations). However, some progress has been made under the banner of the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for the Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH), a tri-sectoral organization representing drug regulatory authorities from the European Union, Japan. , and the United States. Representatives of pharmacopoeias from these three areas have met twice a year in the Pharmacopoeial Discussion Group since 1990 to try to work towards "substantive harmonization". Specific monographs are proposed, and if accepted, proceed through stages of review and consultation, leading to the adoption of a general monograph that provides a common set of tests and specifications for a particular material. It is a slow process. The World Health Organization has created the International Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Int.), which does not replace the national pharmacopoeia, but provides a model or template for it and serves as a regulation for that country. It can also be enforced by law within the country.

modern pharmacopoeia(आधुनिक फार्माकोपिया)

In modern times, the billion-dollar pharmaceutical industry produces thousands of drugs annually, although not much has changed with respect to the initial intent of the Pharmacopoeia.

USP-NF includes prescription and over-the-counter products, dietary supplements , contains more than 4,500 monographs for medical devices and other health care products. In its current form, somewhat different from Toschanelli's original Black Book, the USP-NF is published annually and is available as a USB flash drive, online, and in hardcover. USP also produces a Spanish version of the USP-NF, and is working on versions for other languages.

In 2006, USP acquired the Food Chemicals Codex (FCC), which provides information on food chemicals (such as , colors, stabilizers, etc.) While the FCC is not recognized in US law like the USP-NF, there are more than 200 FCC standards specified in FDA regulations, and many food manufacturers rely on it to ensure the quality of the ingredients and products they purchase. Can get help in doing. Sell USP also publishes the Dietary Supplement Compendium (DSC), which contains formulas and methods that help ensure the quality of the ingredients and supplements that millions of Americans take every day.